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References

 

 

Alcatraz Cruises (2015) Available at: http://www.alcatrazcruises.com/index.aspx. Accessed 05/01/15.
 

Amujo. O., & O. Otubanjo (2012) ‘Leveraging Rebranding of ‘Unattractive’ Nation Brands to Stimulate Post-Disaster Tourism’. Tourist Studies. 12, (1), 87-105.
 

BBC (2003) “Cambodia Cashes in on Grim Past”. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3099848.stm. Accessed 03/01/2015.
 

BBC (2013) “Obama ‘Humbled’ by Robben Island”. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-23120270. Accessed 03/01/2015.
 

BBC (2014) “Hidden history found beneath Alcatraz”. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-26233170. Accessed 03/01/2015
 

Clarke. P., & A. McAuley (2013) ‘The Fromelles Interment 2010: dominant narrative and reflexive thanatourism’. Current issues in Tourism. Routledge. London. 1-17.
 

Craig, D., & C. Thomspon (2012: 180) Dark Tourism for a Postmodern World. In Moufakkir., O., & P. Burns (2012) Eds. Controversies in Tourism. CABI. UK
 

Dehoorne, O., & L. Jolliffe (2013) Dark Tourism and Place Identity in French Guiana. In White, L., & E. Frew (Ed). Dark Tourism and Place Identity. Routledge. London.
 

Dehoorne, O., & L. Jolliffe (2013: 156) Dark Tourism and Place Identity in French Guiana. In White, L., & E. Frew (2013) (Ed). Dark Tourism and Place Identity. Routledge. London.
 

Dermody, E., & M. Brennan (2014) Dark Tourism. In Brennan, M (2014) Eds. The A-Z of Death and Dying: Social, Medical and Cultural Aspects. Greenwood Press. California.
 

Foote, K. (1997) Shadowed Ground: America’s Landscapes of Violence and Tradegy. University of Texas Press/ Austin.
 

Galleries of Justice (2014) “Home”. Available at: Available at: http://www.galleriesofjustice.org.uk/. Accessed 30/12/14
 

Hartmann, R. (2013: 7) ‘Dark Tourism, Thanatourism, and dissonance in heritage tourism management: new directions in contemporary tourism research’. Journal of Heritage Tourism. 1-17.
 

History Archive (2008) “Alcatraz Rules and Regulations”. Available at: http://www.historyarchive.com/az1212.pdf. Accessed 30/12/14.
 

Karosta (ND) “What Expects You Here”. Available at: http://www.karostascietums.lv/new/en/kassagaida-en.htm. Accessed 30/12/14.
 

Lennon, J., & M. Foley (1999) ‘Interpretation of the Unimaginable: The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C, and “Dark Tourism”’. Journal of Travel Research. 38, 46-50.
 

Lennon, J., & M. Foley (2000) Dark Tourism. Continuum. London.
 

Lonely Planet (2014) “Karosta Prison”. Available at: http://www.lonelyplanet.com/latvia/western-latvia/liepaja/sights/historic/karosta-prison. Accessed 30/12/14.
 

Merriam-Webster (2014) “Punish Definition”. Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/punish. Accessed 29/12/2014.
 

National Park Service (2014) “Alcatraz Island, Park Home” Available at: http://www.nps.gov/alca/index.htm. Accessed 30/12/14.
 

National Park Service (2014) “Places”. Available at: http://www.nps.gov/alca/historyculture/places.htm. Accessed 30/12/14.
 

National Park Service (2015) “Alcatraz Island: History and Culture”. Available at: http://www.nps.gov/alca/historyculture/index.htm. Accessed 05/01/2015.
 

NCPA (2010) Alcatraz Island, Challenges and Highlights: Center for State of the Parks.
 

Oxford Dictionaries (2014) “Punish definition”. Available at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/punish. Accessed 29/12/2014.
 

Robben Island Museum (2013) Integrated conservation management plan, Unpublished: Unpublished.
 

Rojek, C. (1993) Ways of Escape. Macmillan. London.
 

Seaton A. (1996) ‘Guided by the Dark: from thanatopsis to thanatourism’. Journal of Heritage Studies, 2 4, 234-244.
 

Sharpley, R., & P. Stone (2009: 147) The Darker Side of Travel. Channel View. Bristol.
 

Sharpley, R., & P. Stone (2009: 148-9) The Darker Side of Travel. Channel View. Bristol.
 

Sharpley, R., & P. Stone (2009: 149) The Darker Side of Travel. Channel View. Bristol.
 

Sharpley, R., & P. Stone (2009: 151) The Darker Side of Travel. Channel View. Bristol.
 

Sharpley, R., & P. Stone (2009: 20) The Darker Side of Travel. Channel View. Bristol.
 

Stone, P (2006) ‘A Dark Tourism spectrum: Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions’. Tourism: An Interdisciplinary International Journal, 54, 2, 145-60.
 

Stone, P (2006: 149) ‘A Dark Tourism spectrum: Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions’. Tourism: An Interdisciplinary International Journal, 54, 2, 145-60.
 

Stone, P., & R. Sharpley (2008) ‘Consuming Dark Tourism: A Thanatological Perspective’. Annals of Tourism Research. 35, 2, 574-595.
 

Tanaś, S. (2008: 57) ‘The Perception of Death and Cultural Tourism’. Turzym. 18, 1, 51-63.
 

UNESCO (2015) “Robben Island”. Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/916. Accessed 05/01/2015.
 

West, P. (2004) Conspicuous Compassion: Why sometimes it really is cruel to be kind. Civitas. London.
 

White, L., & E. Frew (Ed). Dark Tourism and Place Identity. Routledge. London.
 

Williams, P. (2007: 112) Memorial Museums. Berg. Oxford.
 

Wilson, J (2011) ‘Australian Prison Tourism: A Question of Narrative Integrity’. History Compass. 9, (8), London: Blackwell, 562-571.
 

Yuill, S.M. (2003: 19) ‘Dark Tourism: Understanding Visitor Motivation at Sites of Death and Disaster’. MA Thesis. Texas A&M University, Texas. December 2003.

Image References:

Alcatraz History (ND) "Famous Alcatraz Inmates". Available at: http://www.alcatrazhistory.com/famous.htm. Accessed 07/01/15.

 

BBC (2013) “Obama visits Robben Island in South Africa”. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23121416. Accessed 30/12/14.
 

Federal Bureau of Prisons (ND) “The Rock. Historical Information”. Available at: http://www.bop.gov/about/history/alcatraz.jsp. Accessed 30/12/14.
 

Hotel Info (2011) “Hotel info’s Top 10 Most Amazing and Unusual Hotels”. Available at: http://www.hotel.info/en/blog/the-most-amazing-and-unusual-hotels/. Accessed 30/12/14.
 

Huffington Post (2013) “Obama Visits Robben Island During South Africa Trip”. Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/30/obama-robben-island_n_3525089.html. Accessed 07/01/15.
 

Karosta (ND) “Gallery”. Available at: http://www.karostascietums.lv/new/gallery/index.html. Accessed 30/12/14.
 

National Park Service (2014) “U.S. Penitentiary Alcatraz”. Available at: http://www.nps.gov/alca/historyculture/us-penitentiary-alcatraz.htm. Accessed 30/12/14.

 

Now Here This (2013) "The Horrors of the New London Dungeon". Available at: http://now-here-this.timeout.com/2013/02/19/in-pictures-london-dungeon/. Accessed 07/01/15.
 

The Guardian (2013) “Dark tourism: why murder sites and disaster zones are proving popular”. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/oct/31/dark-tourism-murder-sites-disaster-zones. Accessed 07/01/15.
 

The White House (2013) “FLOTUS Travel Journal: Robben Island, An Experience We Will Never Forget”. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/06/30/flotus-travel-journal-robben-island-experience-we-will-never-forget. Accessed 07/01/15.

Time Machine (2012) "Cambodia Genocide - Memories from Tuol Sleng Prison". Available at: http://zoltanjokay.de/zoltanblog/cambodia-genocide-memories-from-tuol-sleng-prison-5/. Accessed 07/01/15.
 

Trip Advisor (2014) “Karosta Prison”. Available at: http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g274965-d500301-Reviews-Karosta_Prison-Liepaja_Kurzeme_Region.html. Accessed 30/12/14.
 

Trip Advisor (2014) “The London Dungeon, Traveller Photos”. Available at: http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attraction_Review-g186338-d189027-Reviews-The_London_Dungeon-London_England.html. Accessed 30/12/14.
 

Uniq Hotels (2014) “Karosta Prison”. Available at: http://www.uniqhotels.com/karosta-prison. Accessed 30/12/14.

 

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